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| notable_ideas = | influences = | influenced = }} Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir, commonly known as Simone de Beauvoir (;〔("Beauvoir" ). ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.〕 ; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986), was a French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, feminist and social theorist. Though she did not consider herself a philosopher, she had a significant influence on both feminist existentialism and feminist theory.〔Bergoffen, Debra, "Simone de Beauvoir", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Fall 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = ==Early years== Simone de Beauvoir was born in Paris on 9 January 1908. Her parents were Georges Bertrand de Beauvoir, a legal secretary who once aspired to be an actor,〔Mussett, Shannon. (Simone de Beauvoir Biography on the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy ). Retrieved 11 April 2010〕 and Françoise Beauvoir (née Brasseur), a wealthy banker's daughter and devout Catholic. Simone's sister, Hélène, was born two years later. The family struggled to maintain their bourgeois status after losing much of their fortune shortly after World War I, and Françoise insisted that the two daughters be sent to a prestigious convent school. De Beauvoir herself was deeply religious as a child, at one point intending to become a nun. She experienced a crisis of faith at age 14, after which she remained an atheist for the rest of her life.〔Thurman, Judith. (Introduction to Simone de Beauvoir’s ''The Second Sex'' ). Excerpt published in ''The New York Times'' 27 May 2010. Retrieved 11 April 2010〕 De Beauvoir was intellectually precocious, fueled by her father's encouragement; he reportedly would boast, "Simone thinks like a man!"〔Bair, p. 60〕 Because of her family's straitened circumstances, de Beauvoir could no longer rely on her dowry, and like other middle-class girls of her age, her marriage opportunities were put at risk. De Beauvoir took this opportunity to do what she always wanted to do while also taking steps to earn a living for herself.〔Roberts, Mary Louise. "Beauvoir, Simone de." In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. : Oxford University Press, 2008. (). Retrieved 3 February 2014〕 After passing baccalaureate exams in mathematics and philosophy in 1925, she studied mathematics at the Institut Catholique and literature/languages at the Institut Sainte-Marie. She then studied philosophy at the Sorbonne, writing her graduate thesis on Leibniz for Léon Brunschvicg. De Beauvoir was only the ninth woman to have received a degree from Sorbonne at the time, due to the fact that French women had only recently been allowed to join higher education.〔 She first worked with Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Claude Lévi-Strauss, when all three completed their practice teaching requirements at the same secondary school. Although not officially enrolled, she sat in on courses at the École Normale Supérieure in preparation for the ''agrégation'' in philosophy, a highly competitive postgraduate examination which serves as a national ranking of students. It was while studying for the ''agrégation'' that she met ''École Normale'' students Jean-Paul Sartre, Paul Nizan, and René Maheu (who gave her the lasting nickname "Castor", or beaver).〔 The jury for the ''agrégation'' narrowly awarded Sartre first place instead of de Beauvoir, who placed second and, at age 21, was the youngest person ever to pass the exam.〔Menand, Louis. ("Stand By Your Man" ). ''The New Yorker'', 26 September 2005. Retrieved 11 May 2010〕 Writing of her youth in ''Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter'' she said: "...my father's individualism and pagan ethical standards were in complete contrast to the rigidly moral conventionalism of my mother's teaching. This disequilibrium, which made my life a kind of endless disputation, is the main reason why I became an intellectual."〔''Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter'', Book One〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Simone de Beauvoir」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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